Top 10 DOB Violations in Manhattan (and How To Avoid Each)

Manhattan property owners face unique compliance challenges due to dense construction, landmark districts, and strict enforcement. Based on DOB violation data from 2023–2025, these are the 10 most common violations in Manhattan—and proven strategies to avoid each one.

1. Work Without Permit (WWP) – LL 58/87

Frequency: #1 most common violation in Manhattan
Penalty: $2,500–$25,000+ per violation + stop work order

Why It Happens:

Contractors or property owners begin renovation, alteration, or demolition work without obtaining required DOB permits. Common in gut renovations, tenant fit-outs, and facade repairs.

How To Avoid:

• Always file permit applications before starting work (even "minor" alterations)
• Verify contractor has pulled permits (check DOB NOW)
• Obtain permits for: structural work, plumbing, electrical, HVAC, facade repairs, window replacements, demolition
• Hire expeditor to navigate permit process if complex

Legalization Process:

If caught, you must: (1) Stop work immediately, (2) File after-the-fact permit, (3) Pay fines + legalization fees, (4) Submit architect/engineer drawings, (5) Pass inspections.

2. Facade Unsafe (LL 11/FISP) – 103-04

Frequency: Very high in Manhattan (older buildings)
Penalty: $1,000–$5,000 per month + sidewalk shed requirements

Why It Happens:

Failure to file required Facade Inspection & Safety Program (FISP) reports every 5 years. Or, buildings with "Unsafe" facade conditions not repaired within 90 days.

How To Avoid:

• Track your FISP filing deadline (based on last digit of BIN)
• Hire qualified exterior wall inspector (QEWI) to file report
• If rated "Unsafe" or "Safe with Repair/Maintenance (SWARMP)," install sidewalk shed and repair immediately
• Keep documentation of all facade repairs and certifications

3. Obstruction of Means of Egress – 28-315.2.1

Frequency: High in residential and commercial buildings
Penalty: $1,000–$5,000 + hazardous violation

Why It Happens:

Blocked fire exits, locked exit doors, storage in hallways/stairwells, broken exit signs, or non-functioning emergency lighting.

How To Avoid:

• Conduct monthly egress inspections (hallways, stairs, exits)
• Keep all exit paths clear of storage, furniture, or obstructions
• Install panic bars on exit doors (no locks requiring keys)
• Test emergency lighting monthly
• Train tenants/staff on fire safety requirements

4. Failure to Maintain Building Exterior – 28-302.1

Frequency: Common in pre-war Manhattan buildings
Penalty: $500–$2,500 per violation

Why It Happens:

Cracked brickwork, loose masonry, water damage, peeling paint, broken windows, deteriorated lintels.

How To Avoid:

• Annual exterior inspection by architect or engineer
• Repair facade cracks, loose bricks, and damaged mortar immediately
• Maintain proper drainage to prevent water infiltration
• Budget for preventive maintenance (repointing, waterproofing)

5. Illegal Occupancy/Use Not Permitted by C of O – 28-210.1

Frequency: Very high in mixed-use Manhattan buildings
Penalty: $1,000–$5,000 per month + vacate orders

Why It Happens:

Using space for purposes not allowed by Certificate of Occupancy (e.g., renting commercial space as residential, operating business in residential zone).

How To Avoid:

• Review your C of O before leasing or changing use
• File alteration application to legalize use changes
• Verify zoning compliance before signing commercial leases
• Never rent basement/cellar space as apartments (illegal in most cases)

6. Failure to File Progress Inspections – 28-116.1

Frequency: High among active construction projects
Penalty: $250–$1,000 per violation + permit expiration

Why It Happens:

Required progress inspections not scheduled or failed (e.g., foundation, structural steel, plumbing rough-in, final electrical).

How To Avoid:

• Coordinate with DOB-approved inspectors (TR1 forms)
• Schedule inspections via DOB NOW before work progresses to next phase
• Never cover work (walls, ceilings) before inspection sign-off
• Maintain TR8 energy compliance inspections

7. Landmark Violations (LPC) – 25-305

Frequency: High in historic districts (Upper West Side, Greenwich Village, SoHo, Upper East Side)
Penalty: $5,000–$20,000 per violation

Why It Happens:

Unauthorized alterations to landmark buildings (facade changes, window replacements, roof work) without Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) approval.

How To Avoid:

• Check if your property is in a historic district (LPC website)
• File LPC applications before DOB permits (LPC approval required first)
• Use approved materials (matching existing brick, windows, doors)
• Never remove architectural details without LPC Certificate of No Effect (CNE)

8. Elevator Safety Violations – 28-304.1

Frequency: Common in Manhattan high-rises
Penalty: $500–$2,500 per violation + service shutdown

Why It Happens:

Expired elevator inspections, broken safety devices, missing annual DOB Category 1 testing, unlicensed elevator mechanics.

How To Avoid:

• Schedule annual DOB Category 1 tests (safety devices, brakes, governors)
• Maintain 5-year full load test certifications
• Hire licensed elevator contractors only (verify DOB license)
• Keep inspection certificates posted in elevator car
• Respond immediately to DOB inspection failures

9. Sidewalk Shed Violations – 28-301.1

Frequency: High in construction-heavy areas
Penalty: $500–$2,000 per month + removal orders

Why It Happens:

Sidewalk sheds left up after permits expire, damaged/unmaintained sheds, illegal advertising on sheds, or improper lighting.

How To Avoid:

• Remove sidewalk shed within 90 days after work completion
• If work delayed, renew shed permit (max 1 year)
• Maintain proper lighting, signage, and pedestrian access
• Inspect shed monthly for structural damage or debris

10. Failure to Certify Correction – 28-204.4

Frequency: High among first-time violators
Penalty: $250–$1,000 + default fines at ECB

Why It Happens:

Owner corrects violation but fails to file official "Certification of Correction" with DOB. Violation remains open, triggering ECB hearing.

How To Avoid:

• After correcting violation, file certification in DOB NOW or BIS
• Attach proof: photos, contractor invoices, inspection reports
• Request DOB re-inspection to verify correction
• Keep copies of certification for records

Manhattan-Specific Compliance Tips

Landmark Districts:

Nearly 25% of Manhattan is in historic districts. Always check LPC requirements before filing DOB permits.

High-Density Enforcement:

Manhattan has the highest DOB inspector presence. Violations are issued faster than other boroughs—respond immediately.

Tenant Protection Plans:

All construction in occupied residential buildings requires detailed Tenant Protection Plans (TPP) filed with DOB. Failure results in stop work orders.

Transit Authority Permits:

Work near subway lines requires MTA permits. Coordinate with DOB and MTA simultaneously.

Resources

• Manhattan Building Violations Tracker
• NYC DOB Violations Complete Guide
• ECB/OATH Hearings Explained
• NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the most common DOB violations in Manhattan?

Work Without Permit (47%), Facade violations (Local Law 11), elevator violations, expired permits, and illegal apartment conversions.

How much do Manhattan DOB violations cost?

Class 1: $2,500–$25,000+. Class 2: $1,000–$10,000. Class 3: $250–$2,500. Plus daily/monthly penalties if not corrected.

How can I avoid DOB violations in Manhattan?

Always file permits before construction, track FISP deadlines, hire licensed contractors, respond to 311 complaints immediately, and use D.O.B. Guard for automated monitoring.

Related Resources

• Brooklyn's Fastest-Rising Violation Categories
• Manhattan Violations Tracker
• NYC DOB Violations: Complete 2025 Guide
• Free NYC Violation Lookup Tool

Last updated: October 2025. Based on NYC DOB violation data 2023–2025. This is for informational purposes only.